查看完整版本: 山西皇城村[73P]

山西皇城村[73P]

皇城村，位于太行、王屋两山之间的沁河岸畔，枕山临水，依山而筑，城墙雄伟，雉堞林立，官宅民居，鳞次栉比，是一组别具特色的古代建筑群。其建筑依山就势，随形生变，官宅民居，鳞次栉比，是一组别具特色的明清城堡式官宅建筑群。“绿树村边合、青山郭外斜”，不仅是一幅古代“自然山水画”、更是一座具有强烈人文精神的东方古城堡。央视大型历史连续剧《康熙王朝》、《别拿豆包不当干粮》、《契丹英后》等影视剧拍摄的重要外景地。
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内城为明清两代陈氏家族的故居。其建筑呈长方形，依山就势而筑，东高西低，巍峨壮观，东西相距71.5米，南北相距161.75米，设五门，西墙二门常开， 其余为建筑运料通道，完工后填实封固。墙头遍设垛口，重要部位筑堡楼，并在东北、东南角至高点建文昌阁和春秋阁，以求神灵经纬护佑。城墙内四周遍设藏兵洞，计有130余间，为战时家丁垛夫藏身休憩之用。内城北部建一高大堡楼，名曰"河山楼"，长三丈四尺，宽二丈四尺，高十丈。楼分七层，层间有墙内梯道或木梯相通，层底深入地下，备有水井、磨坊等生活设施，是战时族人避敌藏身之处。内城建筑分祠庙、民居和官宦底邸三类，风格迥异，祠庙建筑有陈氏宗祠，民居有世德居、树德居和麒麟院，官宦私有容山公府和御史府等。外城为陈廷敬的私邸。其建筑紧依内城城西而建，基本呈正方形，比内城略短，东西宽106米，南北长100米，城头设有垛口和敌楼，有四门，西门常开，其余锁闭。
外城完工于康熙四十二年(1703年)，紧依内城西墙而筑，基本呈正方形，比西城略短，东城内主要建筑为陈廷敬府第-冢宰第、大学士第，配套建筑有书房、花园、小姐院及管家院。相府大门外有一大一小两面三刀座功德牌楼，城墙以南有南书院、花园、状元桥、飞鱼阁、八卦亭、祖师庙等。止园书堂，为三进院落，占地11000平方米，为旧时陈氏家族子弟读书的地方。皇城从创修到完成，经历了明代宣德到清代康熙间的二百余年时间。在这期间，陈氏家族由工商之家逐步发展成为官宦巨族。因此，皇城城内的建筑群有古代民居，又有官宦宅第。而皇城城墙和河山楼、藏兵洞等防御工事，则是明末时世动乱的特定历史条件下的历史产物。这种集古代民居、官宦宅第、祭祀神祠和防御工事为一体的建筑形式在我国并不多见。与此同时，皇城的建筑工艺融官方规制与地方传统为一体，既有独特的建筑风格，又显示出浓郁的地方工艺特色。
皇城相府建筑形式和艺术手法上无不严格地遵循封建社会等级森严的封建礼制。民居建筑多为传统的四合院，装潢简朴，官宦宅第则为前堂后寝之制，高敞明亮，装饰华丽，除庭堂之外，配房又为阳城地方的双层出檐楼房。作为下人居住的管家院为单层平房，小姐院采用券棚顶形式，文昌阁和春秋阁建于内城城墙的至高点。陈氏宗祠建于内城城门的轴线上，保存皇帝御书石刻的御书楼建于城门外的显要位置。所有这些，使中国封建社会"上下有等，内外有别，男尊女卑"的封建礼制观念在建筑形式和工艺手法上得到了充分的体现。